Cefoxitin plus levofloxacin for prevention of severe infection after transrectal prostate biopsy / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>Objective</b>To evaluate the effect of cefoxitin prophylactic in reducing the incidence of severe infection after transrectal prostate biopsy (TRPB).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This retrospective study included 155 cases of TRPB with a 5-day administration of oral levofloxacin at 200 mg bid (the control group) and another 167 cases with a 3-day administration of oral levofloxacin at the same dose plus intravenous cefoxitin at 2.0 g 2 hours before TRPB (the experimental group) according to the distribution characteristics of drug-resistance bacteria in our department. The patients of the control and experimental groups were aged (68.68 ± 8.12) and (68.72 ± 7.51) years, with PSA levels of (19.78 ± 21.57) and (21.15 ± 42.63) μg/L, involving (11.68 ± 1.44) and (11.77±1.02) biopsy cores, respectively. Comparisons were made between the two groups of patients in the incidence rate of severe infection, which was defined as lower urinary track symptoms plus the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) within 7 days after TRPB.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence rate of postoperative severe infection was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control (0.6% ［1/167］ vs 5.8% ［9/155］, P < 0.05). Blood cultures revealed positive E-coli strains in 6 cases in the control group, including 5 ESBL-positive and 4 quinolone-resistant and amikacin-sensitive cases, all sensitive to cefoxitin, cefoperazone/sulbactam and imipenem. The only one case of severe infection was shown to be negative in blood culture.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Preoperative intravenous administration of cefoxitin according to the specific distribution characteristics of drug-resistance bacteria can significantly reduce the incidence of severe infection after TRPB.</p>

Circumcision versus the foreskin-deglove plus shaft-fix procedure for phimosis or redundant prepuce in obese adult patients / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the clinical effects of circumcision and the foreskin-deglove plus shaft-fix (FDSF) procedure in the treatment of phimosis or redundant prepuce in obese adult males (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 28 kg/m²).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-four obese adult men with phimosis or redundant prepuce underwent circumcision (n = 24) or FDSF (n = 20) according to their own wishes. The patients in the circumcision and FDSF groups were aged (26.38 ± 4.24) and (26.90 ± 3.14) years, with BMIs of (27.77 ± 0.77) and (28.07 ± 2.28) kg/m² and penis lengths of (3.51 ± 0.46) and (3.50 ± 0.59) cm, respectively. The operations were performed under local anesthesia with lidocaine plus ropivacaine mesylate.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The operation time of circumcision was (28.04 ± 2.65) min and that of FDSF was (45.45 ± 3.49) min. At 6 months after surgery, normal penile erection was found in all the patients, the penis length was significantly longer in the FDSF than in the circumcision group ([5.01 ± 0.73] vs [3.70 ± 0.47] cm) , and the rate of satisfaction with penile appearance was markedly higher in the former than in the latter group (3.25 ± 0.71 vs 2.83 ± 0.56).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The foreskin-deglove plus shaft-fix procedure under local anesthesia with lidocaine and ropivacaine mesylate may achieve desirable penile erection and appearance in the treatment of phimosis or redundant prepuce in obese adult patients.</p>

CB1 cannabinoid receptor participates in the vascular hyporeactivity resulting from hemorrhagic shock in rats / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Vascular hyporeactivity, which occurs in the terminal stage of hemorrhagic shock, is believed to be critical for treating hemorrhagic shock. The present study was designed to examine whether the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) was involved in the development of vascular hyporeactivity in rats suffering from hemorrhagic shock.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixteen animals were randomly divided into two groups (n = 8 in each group): sham-operated (Sham) and hemorrhagic shock (HS) groups. Hemorrhagic shock was induced by bleeding. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was reduced to and stabilized at (25 +/- 5) mmHg for 2 hours. The vascular reactivity was determined by the response of MAP to norepinephrine (NE). In later experiments another twelve animals were used in which the changes of CB1R mRNA and protein in aorta and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. In addition, we investigated the effects of a CB1R antagonist on the vascular hyporeactivity and survival rates in rats with hemorrhagic shock. Survival rates were analyzed by the Fisher's exact probability test. The MAP response was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Vascular hyporeactivity developed in all animals suffering from hemorrhagic shock. The expression of CB1R mRNA and protein in aorta and 2 - 3 branches of the SMA were significantly increased in the HS group after the development of vascular hyporeactivity when compared to those in Sham group. When SR141716A or AM251 was administered, the MAP response to NE was (41.75 +/- 4.08) mmHg or (44.78 +/- 1.80) mmHg respectively, which was higher than that in saline groups with (4.31 +/- 0.36) mmHg (P < 0.01). We also showed an increased 4-hour survival rate in the SR141716A or AM251-treated group with 20% or 30%, but with a statistically significant difference present between the AM251-treated and saline groups (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>CB1R is involved in vascular hyporeactivity resulting from hemorrhagic shock in rats, and CB1R antagonist may be useful in treating patients with traumatic, hemorrhagic shock who need field-rescue or initial treatment.</p>

The protective effect of early insulin treatment on vascular endothelial cells in severely scalded rats / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the protective effect of insulin on vascular endothelial cells of rats at early post-burn stage,and its mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: i. e, sham scald group (n = 7), scald group (n = 7) and treatment group (n = 7). The rats in the latter 2 groups were subjected to 30% TBSA full-thickness burns with 94 degrees C water, and the sham scald rats were treated with 37 degrees C water. Intra-peritoneal injection of 40 ml/kg isotonic saline solution and subcutaneous injection of 3 units/kg insulin were given to the rats in treatment group after being subjected to 30% TBSA full-thickness burns. Subcutaneous injection of equal amount of isotonic saline was given to the sham and burn groups. The changes in vascular endothelial cell structure were observed with electron microscopy at 24 post-scald hours(PSH). Meanwhile, the blood glucose contents, the serum levels of nitric oxide (NO) and nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) were determined with oxidase method and colorimetric method, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The injury of arterial endothelial cells in the treatment group was obviously alleviated compared with that in burn group. The blood glucose content in the treatment group (7.1 +/- 0.7 mmol/L) was significantly lower than that in scald group (8.2 +/- 1.0 mmol/L, P < 0.05), though it was much higher in both groups than that in sham scald group (4.9 +/- 0.8 mmol/L, P < 0.01) at 24 PBH. The serum content of NO, total NOS and cNOS in treatment group were obviously higher than those in scald group (P < 0.01), but there was no obvious difference in iNOS content between the two groups(P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Insulin exhibits protective effect on vascular endothelial cells in severely scalded rats at the early post-burn stage, and it is attributed to its promotion of cNOS level leading to NO production.</p>

Pulmonary artery in endotoxemia rat. Effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on relaxation and constriction of aorta and pulmonary artery in endotoxemia rat / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP) on constriction and relaxation of pulmonary artery and aorta in endotoxemia rat in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>24 male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, control group, LPS group, ANP therapy group. These groups were injected physiologic salt water, lipopolysaccharide (LPS 2 mg/kg) and LPS + ANP(LPS 2 mg/kg, ANP 2 microg/kg) into vein respectively. After 4 hours, rats were exsanguinated to kill and aorta and pulmonary artery were separated from heart-lung for experiment of blood vessel rings. Constriction effects of aorta and pulmonary artery by norepinephrine (NE), relaxation of aorta and pulmonary artery by acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside SNP) observed by perfusion system in vitro.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Sensitiveness of NE-induced (10(-9)-10(-7) mol/L) constriction of aorta in LPS group was attenuated and EC50 was increased, but its strength (3 x 10(-7)-10(-6) mol/L) was greater comparing with control group (P < 0.01). In ANP group, the NE-induced contractility of aorta was similar to LPS group (P > 0.05). Comparing with control group, NE-induced constriction of pulmonary artery exposure to LPS was reinforced especially in 3 x 10(-7)-10(-6) mol/L of NE (P < 0.01), but its EC50 was obviously higher (P <0.05). There was no significant difference between ANP group and control group in constriction of pulmonary artery (P > 0.05). Relaxation and sensitiveness of aorta and pulmonary artery exposure to LPS were evidently improved in ANP therapy group induced by ACh and SNP respectively (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) and their EC50 markedly decreased comparing with LPS group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ANP can suppress the reinforcing of NE-induced constriction of pulmonary artery exposure to LPS and partly or entirely reverse the attenuated relaxation of pulmonary artery and aorta induced by ACh and SNP in endotoxemia rats.</p>

Effect of anions and anion channel blockers on vascular tone in rat aorta / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the action of anions and anion channel blockers in the regulation of vascular contraction induced by norepinephrine (NE).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>NE-induced contraction was observed in rat aorta by using routine blood vascular perfusion in vitro.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The anion channel blockers niflumic acid (NFA) and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenoxylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (NPPB) produced inhibitory effects on NE-evoked contractions in the aorta. NE-induced contraction was not significantly changed after the extracellular Na+ was replaced by choline, in contrast, the vascular was relaxed when the extracellular Cl- was replaced by glutamate. Moreover, the vasoconstriction induced by NE was further enhanced with the replacement of the extracellular Cl- by Br-, which was still sensitive to either NFA or NPPB.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Anion channels play an important role in the regulation of blood vascular tone, which may be responsible for the salt-sensitivity hypertension.</p>

Effect of extracellular chloride concentration on deactivation kinetics of rat ClC-1 chloride channel / 生理学报

The gating mechanism of ClC-1 chloride channel was studied in this paper by heteroexpression of rat wild type ClC-1 gene in Xenopus oocytes and by two-electrode voltage clamping technique. The deactivation gating kinetic parameters were obtained by applying two exponential fitting of the deactivating currents at various extracellular chloride concentrations. It was found that decrease in extracellular chloride concentration increased the fractional amplitude of fast deactivating component, and depressed the fractional amplitude of slow deactivating component accompanied by a decrease in fast and slow deactivating time constants. These results demonstrate that the deactivation kinetic parameters of ClC-1 are largely dependent on the extracellular chloride concentration, which induces changes in channel gating.